Founding Partner
Lawyer specializing in technology, particularly in the areas of cyberspace, artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, copyright in the digital environment, software protection, innovation, resolution of domain name disputes, electronic transactions, as well as intellectual property, patents and arbitration.
The George Washington University Law School. 2004. Washington, DC SJD Candidate. Dissertation: A Model for a Secure Distribution of Copyrighted Materials in the Digital Realm.
Harvard Law School. Berkman-Klein Center for Internet and Society. 2002, 04. Cambridge, MA. Internet Law Program.
The George Washington University Law School. 2001-2002. Washington, DC LLM Intellectual Property Law; Recipient of the 2002 Thelma Weaver Memorial Award to the outstanding foreign LL.M. student of the class.
World Intellectual Property Organization. 2000 Geneva, Switzerland. Workshop for Arbitrators.
ITAM. Mexico City, Mexico. Diploma: Intellectual Property Law.
Universidad Iberoamericana Law School. 1992-97. Mexico City, Mexico. Law Degree (LLB) with mention of honor.
Partner
Attorney in Law and Professor, specializing in administrative litigation of trademarks, patents, unfair competition and copyrights, demonstrating the leadership of women in the intellectual property sector.
Her work has been instrumental in establishing innovative approaches to online infringement and injunctive relief for site blocking.
Partner at Tsuru|Aquique, Rangel y Pérez.
Professor of Intellectual Property at Universidad Anáhuac, Campus Puebla.
President of the Intellectual Property Committee of the American Chamber of Commerce of Mexico (Amcham).
President of the Litigation Committee of the Mexican Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property (AMPPI).
Divisional Director of Intellectual Property Protection at the Mexican Institute of Industrial Property (IMPI).
Active participant of the Mexican delegation in IP negotiations of several Free Trade Agreements, including the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) and NAFTA.
Collaboration in international forums such as WIPO and INTERPOL IP Crime seminars.
Coordination and participation in the modification and updating of chapters of the Industrial Property Law.
Member of the International Trademark Association (INTA), and the International AntiCounterfeiting Coalition (IACC).
Law degree from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM).
Specialization in Industrial Property at Instituto de la Propiedad Intelectual y Derecho de la Competencia (IPIDEC).
Master’s in industrial Property, Copyrights and New Technologies at the Universidad Panamericana.
Participation in the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
INTERPOL seminars on organized crime in intellectual property matters.
Managing Partner
Managing Partner at Tsuru|Aquique, Rangel y Pérez.
BITSO’s consultant, the largest cryptocurrency exchange in Latin America.
Experience in cross-border trademark franchising/licensing and unfair competition cases in the U.S., Latin America and Europe.
Civil Service at the Federal Court of Tax and Administrative Justice.
Paralegal at Marván, González Graf y González Larrazolo.
Lawyer at the Federal Court of Tax and Administrative Justice.
Paralegal at RPH Tax and Legal Consultants, S.C.
Member of the most important organizations in Intellectual Property and Trademark matters, such as:
- International Trademark Association (INTA).
- International AntiCounterfeiting Coalition (IACC).
- Mexican Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property (AMPPI).
Specialization in LegalTech through a prestigious joint program of MIT and ESADE.
Master of Laws in American Law
LL.M. in Comparative Law granted by the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and the National Bar Association.
General Course on Intellectual Property DL-101 of the World Intellectual Property Organization.
Law Degree - Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey.
Partner
Lawyer with extensive experience in international arbitration, commercial dispute resolution, and investment protection under international treaties. He has led Mexico's defense in over 17 international investment arbitrations and participated in strategic negotiations for modernizing trade agreements such as the USMCA and CPTPP . Tenured Professor at UNAM.
Partner, Tsuru | Aquique, Rangel y Pérez.
Ministry of Economy (1998-2022)
Academia & Speaking Engagements
Senior Associate
Lawyer specializing in intellectual property law with over 20 years’ of experience, particularly on intellectual property litigation, including infringement, invalidation, non-use, and unfair competition actions; precautionary and border measures, anticounterfeiting related to trademarks, patents, and copyrights.
-Senior Associate at Tsuru|Aquique, Rangel y Pérez.
- Worked at the Mexican Institute of Industrial Property (IMPI) from 2004 to 2020, holding various positions in the area of intellectual property.
- Processed and issued resolutions to resolve key disputes, setting precedents in matters such as trade dress, trade secrets, unfair competition, digital environment infringements, border and precautionary measures, transshipment, discrediting and unfair product comparisons, inspection visits, seizure of goods, and invalidation of distinctive signs and inventions.
- Responsible for assessing and recognizing several well-known trademarks in Mexico.
- Participated as an expert in the negotiation and implementation of international intellectual property treaties, including the USMCA and the EU-Mexico Trade Agreement.
- Contributed to the analysis and adaptation of the new Federal Law for the Protection of Industrial Property.
- Member of the Mexican Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property (AMPPI).
- Arbitrator at the National Institute of Copyright (INDAUTOR).
- As a public official, represented Mexico in national and international forums on intellectual property protection, collaborating with public and private organizations to strengthen the intellectual property system.
Bachelor of laws FROM Universidad Intercontinental.
Specialization in Litigation and Commercial law at the Universidad Intercontinental.
Specialization in Intellectual Property Law from IPIDEC.
Senior Associate
Attorney specialized in trademark litigation, copyright litigation, and advertising law. Nestor is a highly skilled attorney specializing in trademark prosecution, trademark litigation, copyright litigation, and advertising law. With an outstanding commitment to protecting his clients' rights, he delivers top-tier legal strategies that safeguard brands, creative works, and commercial integrity. He provides comprehensive legal counsel on trademark clearance, prosecution, IP litigation, transaction agreements, cease and desist orders and, license IP agreements. His litigation expertise extends to trademark cancellation procedures, infringement actions, and cases of unfair competition, ensuring that his clients maintain a strong market position. He offers guidance on advertising legal review, comparative advertising, and claim substantiation, helping businesses develop impactful marketing strategies with a safe outcome. He is an arbiter recognized by INDAUTOR (Mexico’s Copyright Authority).
Sr Associate, Tsuru|Aquique, Rangel y Pérez.
Arbiter recognized by INDAUTOR (Mexico’s Copyright Authority).
Law degree from the Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla.
Wellbeing & Human Sustainability / Governance / Compliance / Labor relations
Tsuru|Aquique, Rangel y Pérez - Wellbeing & Human Sustainability / Governance / Compliance / Labor relations
Grepe, Lavín & Zavaleta, S.C. – Partner
Swarovski Crystal, S.A. de C.V. - Head of HR México and Central América
Clarins de México, S.A. de C.V. – Human Resources, Payroll and Legal Director
Ernst & Young – Employment Senior Attorney
ITAM: Human Resources Direction Diploma.
ITESM: Human Capital Management by Competencies, and Business Management Diplomas
UNIVERSIDAD LA SALLE: Law School, 1998-2003 Law Degree (LLB)
Patent Engineer
Drafting, prosecution, and filing of new inventions, industrial designs, and utility models. Technical expert in contentious processes.
Preparation of patentability opinions and writs related to Freedom to Operate, as well as advising on potential infringements in areas requiring expertise in prior art searches and comparative analysis with the new project and relevant legal aspects.
Patent Engineer in Tsuru | Aquique, Rangel y Pérez.
Patent examiner at the Mexican Institute of Industrial Property (IMPI).
Clinical Research Associated.
Bachelor’s degree in chemistry from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM).
Honorable Mention at the XXV Latin American Chemistry Congress 2002 for his thesis work.
Master’s studies in Science and Engineering of Metallic Materials. (UNAM).
Senior Associate
Corporate and transactional attorney with more than 14 years of experience, focusing on entertainment law, venture capital transactions, and technology transactions. Before joining TMI, Manuel has advised institutional investors in the incorporation of more than 50 venture capital funds, has been in-house counsel for funds and companies, and been involved with the regulation and authorization of Mexican regulated Fintech companies.
Senior Associate, Tsuru|Aquique, Rangel y Pérez.
Former In-House Counsel for Mexico of BTF Media LLC
Former Deputy Director-General of Fintech Authorizations, Mexican National Banking and Securities Commission
Former In-House Counsel for Ideas y Capital Uno, S.A.P.I. de C.V.
Former Senior Legal Analyst for Trust 80280 “Fideicomiso de Capital Emprendedor” (Venture Capital Trust) of NAFIN
Former Associate with Jones Day (Mexico City)
Bachelor’s Degree in Law from Universidad Anáhuac (México Norte)
LLM in Innovation, Technology and Law by The University of Edinburgh –Chevening Scholar, 2016-17
Patent Engineer
Patent Engineer, Tsuru | Aquique, Rangel y Pérez.
Patent Engineer, Olivares
Experience Internship at the Department of Food and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, UNAM.
Bachelor’s degree in food chemistry from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM).
Master's Degree in Biochemical Sciences from UNAM.
Diploma in Law for Non-Lawyers from UNAM.
García-Cano, I., Campos, M. A., Contreras-Cruz, M., & Serrano-Maldonado, C. E. (2015). Expression, purification, and characterization of a bifunctional 99 kDa peptidoglycan hydrolase from Pediococcus acidilactici ATCC 8042. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 99(20), 8759–8769.
Contreras, M. (2023, July 18). Closing gaps through creativity. MIT Sloan Management Review Mexico. https://mitsloanreview.mx/colaborador/cerrar-brechas-a-traves-de-la-creatividad/
Senior lawyer
Bachelor of Laws and specialist in Derecho de Amparo.
With over 12 years of experience in intellectual property law, Amanda's practice focuses on trademarks, appellations of origin, patents, and copyright, particularly in prosecuting intellectual property infringement actions, border measures, anti-counterfeiting, and site-blocking orders. She also advises local and international clients in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, personal care, entertainment, fashion, and food and beverage industries.
Amanda has worked as an IP lawyer at prestigious law firms in Mexico.
Since 2022, she has been a senior lawyer at Tsuru|Aquique, Rangel y Pérez.
Bachelor of Laws from Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Mexico City Campus.
Specialization in protection law –Amparo– at Universidad Panamericana.
Managing Intellectual Property. “International Treaties spur on new forms of protection”. 2014
Senior Attorney
With over 10 years of experience in Intellectual Property, Adriana has advised national and international clients on the protection, management, and enforcement of their rights.
Currently, she collaborates with the firm, focusing her practice on developing legal strategies to ensure the effective protection, enforcement, and defense of Intellectual Property rights. Her expertise primarily covers trademarks, copyrights, and Intellectual Property litigation before the Mexican Institute of Industrial Property (IMPI), the Federal Court of Administrative Justice (TFJA), as well as District Courts and Collegiate Circuit Courts of the Federal Judiciary (PJF).
Her strategic approach allows her to design tailored legal solutions that safeguard her clients' rights in an ever-evolving legal landscape.
Senior Attorney at Tsuru | Aquique, Rangel y Pérez.
Junior Attorney at Rivadeneyra Treviño y de Campo, S.C.
Legal Intern at Federal Court of Administrative Justice, Specialized Intellectual Property Chamber
Law Clerk at Medina y Merino, S.C.
Law Degree, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria Campus
Master’s Degree in Industrial Property, Copyright, and New Technologies, Panamerican University (UP), Mexico City Campus
Diploma in Administrative Sanctioning Law, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM)
Seminar: "Introduction to Copyright Law: Legal Protection of Intellectual and Artistic Creations", Faculty of Law, Complutense University of Madrid
Course on International Industrial Property Regulations, Faculty of Law, Carlos III University of Madrid
Senior Lawyer
Attorney specialized in the practice of Intellectual Property (IP) litigation, particularly complex disputes involving patents, trademarks, copyrights and unfair competition. Additionally, I have acquired experience in the development of anti-counterfeiting and anti-piracy strategies, with practice in training programs for Customs Authorities.
Senior Lawyer at Tsuru | Aquique, Rangel y Pérez
Litigation Attorney, Becerril, Coca & Becerril, S.C. (BC&B) 2016-2022
Associate, AROCHI & LINDNER, 2015-2016.
Law Clerk in Intellectual Property and Civil Matters, BASHAM, RINGE Y CORREA S.C., 2013-2015.
Teaching experience at the Centro de Educación Tecnológica y Arte, S.C.
Subject Professor of the following subjects:
▪ Legal Aspects in the Production of Shows.
▪ Intellectual Property.
▪ Contracts.
Teaching experience at the Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Campus Santa Fe /Campus Estado de México.
Adjunct Professor of Assignment of the following subjects:
▪ Intellectual Property.
▪ Contracts.
Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Faculty of Law ▪ Cum Laude
Specialist in Intellectual Property Law from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Faculty of Law.
Professional internship at the Specialized Intellectual Property Chamber of the Federal Court of Administrative Affairs (TFJA).
Course of the Intellectual Property Clinics given by the Mexican Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property, A.C. (AMPPI) 2016 and 2024.
Mentor in the program “Red de Mujeres Innovadoras y Propiedad Industrial imparted by the Mexican Institute of Industrial Property (IMPI).
Villafaña Robles, selene Monserrat, “The declaration of famous trademarks in México” Published by World Intellectual Property Review (WIPR), April, 2022.
Villafaña Robles, selene Monserrat, “Litigation Procedure, and its changes in light of the Federal Law for the Protection of Industrial Property"-Co-authorship- Revista, Abogado Corporativo, 2020, Dofiscal Editores S.A. de C.V, No. 79.
Villafaña Robles, selene Monserrat, “Recent changes in the Mexican practice to the requirements of foreign legal entities-granted powers of attorney." Published by Mondaq Connecting knowledge & People and by Lexology, August 2019.
Villafaña Robles, selene Monserrat, “Right to free speech versus online copyright protection: are radical measures needed?” Published by International Law Office (ILO), January, 2018.
Junior Lawyer
Junior Lawyer at Tsuru|Aquique, Rangel y Pérez.
Entertainment Lawyer at Ojeda, Ojeda y Asociados S.C.
Collection and Financial Compliance Lawyer at Supply Credit SOFOM ENR.
Social Service in the Federal Judiciary.
Litigation Intern at Ostos Abogados S.C.
Bachelor of Laws from Universidad Panamericana.
General Course on Intellectual Property imparted by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
International Congress: The Challenges of Industrial Property in the Digital Society, given by the Carlos III University of Madrid in conjunction with Universidad Panamericana.
Diploma in Digital Law (2021) given by the School of Digital Law (AMDI).
Entertainment Law Seminars taught by the University of Southern California (USC) “USC Gould: Institute on Entertainment Law and Business” in its 2021 and 2022 editions.
Junior Attorney
Attorney specializing in intellectual property, with a comprehensive focus on both contentious and non-contentious matters, particularly in the field of trademarks. She has extensive experience in managing trademark portfolios, including conducting searches, viability analysis, registration, maintenance, and brand protection. Her practice covers renewals, declarations of use, as well as monitoring and responding to official actions and oppositions.
Additionally, she has experience in contentious matters, including cancellation and nullity proceedings before the Mexican Institute of Industrial Property (IMPI), as well as litigation before the Specialized Chamber on Intellectual Property Matters (SEPI) of the Federal Court of Administrative Justice (TFJA) and Circuit Collegiate Courts.
Junior Attorney at Tsuru | Aquique, Rangel y Pérez.
Legal Intern at Tsuru | Aquique, Rangel y Pérez.
Law Degree from Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM), Santa Fe campus.
Junior Attorney
Tsuru | Aquique, Rangel y Pérez – Lawyer
Notary Public 30 of Querétaro – Scholar.
Consorcio ARA, S.C. – Intern.
Degree in Law from Iberoamerican University.
Master's Degree in Intellectual Property (in progress) from the Panamerican University.
Diploma in Administrative Sanctioning Law from the National Autonomous University of Mexico.
Member - Debate Group in the Copan Educational System. First Generation 2016.
Speaker and Representative of the Copan Educational System - Senate of the Republic (2017). Topic: Drug Trafficking Problems in Mexico, bilateral aid Mexico / United States.
Assistant - Seminar on the Competitive Examination System in Mexico (AMPPI) 2024.
Scrutineer - National Electoral Institute (2021 Elections).
Assistant - Course "Mayas and Teotihuacans. Contact between two worlds" taught by the National Museum of Anthropology (2023).
Assistant - Course "Great Tombs: Government and Power" taught by the MuseumNational Anthropology (2023).
Assistant - Course: "Teotihuacan; beyond a City of Gods" taught by theNational Museum of Anthropology (2023).
Assistant - Course: "Introduction to the Mayan World" taught by the National Museum of Anthropology (2024).
IBERO Sports Activities 2020 - 2025 (Active: Intermediate Tennis and Padel).
Junior Attorney
Attorney at Tsuru|Aquique, Rangel y Pérez.
Associate at Goodrich Riquelme y Asociados.
With over five years of experience in the registration, protection, and maintenance of trademarks, trade names, slogans, and trade dress in Mexico and abroad. Specialized in consulting and advising on industrial and intellectual property, with extensive experience in managing applications, oppositions, final pleadings, office action responses, renewals, declarations of use, assignment of rights, issuing cease & desist letters, use investigations, as well as handling administrative cancellation and nullity actions and administrative infringement actions in commercial matters. Additionally, experienced in administrative litigation in industrial and intellectual property, as well as in the registration, protection, and maintenance of copyrights.
College - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), campus Ciudad Universitaria.
Diploma in Legal English from Anáhuac University, Mexico.
Diploma in Sanctioning Administrative Law from Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM).
Junior Attorney
Junior Attorney in International Trade Law at Tsuru|Aquique, Rangel y Pérez.
Junior Attorney in Corporate Law at Luna y Sánchez Valencia.
Bachelor of Laws from the National Autonomous University of Mexico
Postgraduate Program on Foreign Trade
Team member representing UNAM for 26th Annual Stetson International Environmental Moot
Team member representing UNAM in the 30th Willem C. Vis International Commercial Arbitration Moot
Team coach of the UNAM representative team for the XVI Moot Madrid International Commercial Arbitration and Commercial Law Competition.
Junior Attorney
Jr. Attorney – Tsuru | Aquique, Rangel y Pérez.
Legal Marketing Intern at the Brand Innovation Group for Latin America – Colgate-Palmolive México
Bachelor of Laws from Tec de Monterrey, Santa Fe Campus, awarded the LiFE Prize for Social Leadership.
Course on Primer on Intellectual Property – WIPO eLearning Center.
Speaker on the representative team of Tec de Monterrey at MOOT Mexico 2022.
Legal Intern
Student of Law and Economics at the Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Campus Ciudad de México. She has participated in several economic and legal projects and has won awards in these fields. Enthusiastic about Intellectual Property and focused on developing around litigation.
Legal inter at Tsuru|Aquique, Rangel y Pérez
Student of double degrees in Law and Economics at the Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Campus Ciudad de México.
President of the Law Undergraduate Alumni Society 2022-2023
Part of the winning team in LATIN AMERICAN MOOT COURT ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW 2023
2nd place in Statement of Claim at the 10th International Investment Arbitration Competition (2022-2023)
1st place Intercampus in the Creation of a tax policy for 2022 and 2023 for the Centre for Economic and Budgetary Research
Undergraduate student in Law
Undergraduate student in Economics
Certificate of the Webinar. Jurisprudence, its dissemination and consultation 2025
Law intern
Law intern, Tsuru | Aquique, Rangel y Pérez.
Law intern, Martínez Estébanez y Asociados.
Degree in Law from Universidad Panamericana (June 2025).
International exchange at the Institut d´etudes politiques - Toulouse
Participation in the public international law competition: Philip C. Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition in its sixty-fifth edition.
Participation in the private international law competition: Willem C. Vis International Commercial Arbitration Moot in its thirtieth edition.
Legal Intern
Legal Intern at the Andean Community Court of Justice.
Member of the Sports Law Committee at ASIPI.
Collaboration with Liga MX on accessibility protocols for stadiums.
Legal advisory in intellectual property and corporate law.
Winner of the Latin American Moot Court in Intellectual Property – Franchise case, organized by ASIPI, INTA, and TJCAN.
Recognized for the Best Claim in the International Investment Arbitration Competition – Organized by American University Washington College of Law in Bogotá, Colombia.
Semifinalist in the HULT PRIZE Competition – Focused on social entrepreneurship solutions (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).
Honorable Mention in the International Investment Arbitration Competition – Organized by American University Washington College of Law and Universidad Externado de Colombia, as part of the first Mexican team to participate.
Tecnológico de Monterrey – Bachelor’s Degree in Law (2020 - 2024).
University of Cádiz, Spain – Academic Exchange (February-July 2024).
Case Law Analysis: Tools for Addressing Current Copyright Issues – ASIPI.
Geographical Indications and Designations of Origin – ASIPI.
Contracts and Digital Market: Legal Aspects and Other Relevant Issues – Autonomous University of Barcelona.
A 360° Vision of the Cannabis Industry – ASIPI.
Introduction to Personal Data Protection – ASIPI.
International Sports Law Course – Muñiz & Asociados.
FIFA Agent Course (ongoing).
Analyst in charge of the firm's general archive
Expert in intellectual property with over 24 years of experience, specializing in the management of trademarks, patents, copyrights, and litigation.
Extensive expertise in overseeing and ensuring compliance with deadlines and legal requirements related to intellectual property in Mexico.
Proven track record in monitoring expiration dates, registration processes, and the maintenance of trademarks, patents, and copyrights, as well as handling contentious matters before the IMPI, the Specialized Intellectual Property Chamber of the Federal Court of Administrative Justice, and the Collegiate Circuit Courts.
Actively engaged in export procedures that require coordination with government entities, consulates, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, INDAUTOR, and COFEPRIS.
Head of the IP Department and Export Director.
Studies in Criminalistics, providing additional perspective on managing legal and intellectual property matters.
Paralegal
Lawyer committed to the protection of human rights and the well-being of people, with a solid training and experience in various areas of law. Her professional career began with an internship at the Women's Secretariat, where she provided legal advice to victims of domestic violence, serving as a fundamental support in their legal process, with a comprehensive focus on the protection of their rights, experience in litigation, especially in the branches of civil, commercial, family and criminal law. Her ability to address complex cases allowed her to develop a solid skill in the management of various areas of law, being able to efficiently manage documentation to ensure that each document is always accessible when necessary.
Analyst
Analyst at Tsuru|Aquique, Rangel y Pérez.
Human Resources Specialist at SANTANDER [GBM Gesban Mexico Servicios Administrativos Globales]
Administration Director
Administration Director en Tsuru|Aquique, Rangel y Pérez.
Head of Collection at Arochi & Lindner, S.C. (Girtab s. de R.L de C.V.)
Head of Administration at Century 21 México, S.A. de C.V. – Master Franchise
Lawyer by Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
Administrative Coordinator
Universidad Tecnológica de México, Accountant Degree.
Assistant to Director
Experience in different companies in the areas: legal, public relations, consumer, air transportation, chemicals/plastics.
Psychologist
English Teacher
Bilingual Secretary
Executive Assistant
Executive assistant to Partners at Tsuru | Aquique, Rangel y Pérez.
PA to Executive Director at PM Steele
Assistant to Marketing Director at Sabormex
PA to Founding Partner at Bustamante + Freyre Abogados
PA to CFO Mexico at L’Oréal México
PA to General Counsel at Banco Monex
Assistant to HR LATAM Manager at Beiersdorf
Commercial executive at TOGA Soluciones Integrales
Call Center Supervisor at Tu Casa Express
Sales Service Representant at Telcel
Bachelor of Science Degree in Chemical Engineering (incomplete)